Climate and the restricted range of the Ethiopian Bush-crow

Distribution of the 4,455 1-km cells predicted to contain suitable land cover (dark blue) within 

the envelope of 6.001 1-km cells with optimal climate suitalility (light and dark blue) in southern Ethiopia. 

In a study, published in 2012 in the Journal of Ornithology*, we attempt to describe and explain the peculiarly restricted distribution of the globally threatened Ethiopian Bush-crow Zavattariornis stresemanni. At a regional scale, models containing only correlates of land cover suggested a far wider distribution of suitable habitat in north-east Africa than the area actually occupied. However, models including only climate variables predicted the known distribution almost perfectly, and suggested that the species’ area of occupancy is delimited by a pocket of climate that is cooler, dryer and more seasonal than surrounding areas. The predicted probability of occurrence was low outside a narrow range of mean annual temperatures of 17.5–20°C. Within the area predicted to be climatically most suitable, records of Bush-crows were concentrated in 1-km cells of marginally but significantly lower normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), indicating a preference for areas of lower photosynthetic activity.  At a finer spatial scale within a 10-km2 intensive study site in the core of the species’ range, nests were located in 30-m cells of higher NDVI but always close to areas of lower NDVI. These areas of lower NDVI comprise open grassland, which standardised observations of individual birds showed to be the main foraging habitat. However, taller vegetation is also necessary for nesting and roosting; the average height of nests from the ground was nearly 5 m. Therefore, the species’ range appears to be defined primarily by a unique climate pocket within which it shows a preference for park-like habitats of grassland interspersed with taller vegetation, largely the result of clearance of vegetation by people and their associated grazers. The diet appeared unspecialised and a wide range of feeding methods was observed. Models estimate the species’ optimal climatic range to cover around 6,000 km2, of which perhaps 4,500 km2 has suitable land cover. We tentatively estimate the global population to be at least 9,000 breeding pairs, with a potentially larger additional population of non-breeding birds, particularly nest-helpers. Several climate models predict increases in both temperature and  precipitation in the southern highlands of Ethiopia. The species’ narrow climatic range suggests that global climate change may therefore pose a serious threat to its long-term survival.

* Donald, P. F., Gedeon, K., Collar N. J., Spottiswoode, C. N., Wondafrash, M. & Buchanan, G. M. 2012: The restricted range of the Ethiopian Bush-crow Zavattariornis stresemanni is a consequence of high reliance on modified habitats within narrow climatic limits. Journal of Ornithology 153: 1031-1044.

Construction and thermal insulation of Ethiopian Bush-crow nests

The main function of bird nests is to provide shelter for eggs and nestlings in order to support optimal offspring development. While this basic condition applies to all nests, an enormous constructional variety in nests has evolved. Regarding its thermal properties, the avian nest construction generally represents a compromise between heat conservation,heat dissipation, and protection from external heat.

The Ethiopian Bush-crow is an endemic Ethiopian bird species which has a very small and climatically distinct range that is cooler, dryer and more seasonal than the surrounding areas. Bush-crows build large domed nests made of thorny twigs with comparatively thick walls and a soil-lined bottom. In a preliminary study* we studied the thermal properties of a bush-crow nest with the aid of IR thermography. Our results show that there was no heat emission in the early morning and that nest surface temperatures clearly corresponded to the temperature changes during the day. Therefore we hypothesise that the nest construction provides substantial thermal insulation during the night time and presumably also delays temperature increase in the internal nesting chamber during the day time. We suggest that the bush-crow’s specific nest construction may have contributed to its persistence in the climatically unique south Ethiopian conditions.

* Töpfer, T. & K. Gedeon 2012: The construction and thermal insulation of Ethiopian Bush-crow (Zavattariornis stresemanni) nests: a prelimary study. Avian Biology Research 5 (4): 198-202.

Thermographic image of a bush-crow nest just before sunrise (a) and at noon (b).